GLP-1 Science and Mechanisms
GLP-1 Physiology Beyond the Pancreas
GLP-1 receptors throughout the body create effects far beyond blood sugar control.
Estelle Ibrahim
Contributing Editor · · 9 min read
glpletter — Page 4
The Latest
GLP-1 Science and Mechanisms
GLP-1 and GIP Combined Mechanism of Action
The two hormones work in opposing directions to stabilize blood sugar.
Vera Ashworth
GLP-1 Science and Mechanisms
Molecular Structure of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Why DPP-4 enzyme destruction forced all GLP-1 drug designs.
Julian Bennett
GLP-1 Science and Mechanisms
GLP-1 Signaling Pathway in Metabolic Regulation
cAMP amplification explains why GLP-1 drugs pose minimal hypoglycemia risk.
Elias Mbeki
Nanoparticle and Peptide Therapeutics
Engineering Precision Nanoparticles for Peptide Payloads
Nanoparticles could protect peptides from degradation and enable intranasal delivery.
Lucia Nair
Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery
Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery Pathway Explained
New imaging study confirms insulin reaches the brain via nasal delivery in humans.
Kai Mbeki
Drug Delivery Beyond Injections
Oral Peptide Delivery and the Intestinal Barrier Problem
Enzymes, mucus, tight junctions, and efflux pumps make oral peptide absorption nearly impossible.
Elias Kowalski
Drug Delivery Beyond Injections
Nausea Mechanisms in Injectable GLP-1 Therapy
Nausea strikes nearly one in four GLP-1 patients through distinct brain and gut pathways.
Kai Park
GLP-1 Science and Mechanisms
GLP-1 Receptors in the Brain
GLP-1 receptors throughout the brain may protect against addiction and cognitive decline.
Nico Bergström
Drug Delivery Beyond Injections
GLP-1 Injection Discontinuation Rates and Their Causes
Most GLP-1 patients quit within a year, largely due to weak feedback loops.
Andre Nair
Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery
Olfactory Pathway Anatomy and Drug Transport Mechanisms
Two nasal pathways to the brain work differently and require distinct drug targeting strategies.
Priya Rossi